Divine Expressions in Pala Art: Sculptures of Transcendence with special reference to Buddhist minor Deities

Abstract

The art and iconography of the sculptures from the Pala period (8th to 12th centuries CE) in India represent a significant phase in the evolution of Buddhist and Hindu art. The Pala dynasty, which ruled over parts of present-day India and Bangladesh, was a patron of both Buddhist and Brahmanical traditions, and their art reflects a fusion of influences. This paper attempts to explore the key features and themes of sculptures from the Pala period with special reference to Buddhist minor deities. Pala period sculptures are known for their graceful and fluid style, characterized by soft contours and sensuous curves. This style is often referred to as the "Pala-Sena" style. The sculptures exude a sense of serenity and elegance, whether depicting Buddhist or Hindu deities. Buddhist sculptures from this era frequently depict the Buddha in various postures and mudras (hand gestures). The Buddha is often shown in the Dharmachakra Pravartana mudra (teaching pose) or the Bhumisparsha mudra (earth-touching pose). Bodhisattvas, Avalokiteshvara, Tara, and Manjushri are common subjects in Pala Buddhist art. These figures are portrayed with distinctive attributes and symbols that represent their qualities and attributes. The sculptures often include intricate detailing of jewelry, garments, and hairstyle, reflecting the rich artistic sensibilities of the period.