Left-Wing Extremism and Tribal Marginalization in India: Assessing the Socio-Economic Challenges and Security Concerns

Abstract

Left-Wing Extremism (LWE), commonly referred to as Naxalism, remains one of the most significant internal security challenges in India. While it has its roots in the 1967 Naxalbari uprising in West Bengal, the movement has evolved into a widespread insurgency, particularly affecting the central and eastern tribal belts of India. This research explores the deep-seated socio-economic factors contributing to the growth of Naxalism, emphasizing the historical marginalization and exclusion of tribal communities from development initiatives. Despite numerous government policies aimed at tribal welfare, indigenous populations continue to suffer from inadequate access to healthcare, education, employment, and economic opportunities. The failure of inclusive development and persistent human rights violations in conflict-affected regions have further fueled discontent, making tribal communities susceptible to extremist ideologies. This study critically examines the relationship between tribal underdevelopment and the rise of LWE, focusing on its impact in states such as Chhattisgarh and Odisha. By analyzing historical, socio-political, and economic dimensions, this paper aims to highlight the urgent need for a comprehensive and sustainable development strategy to counter insurgency while ensuring the socio-economic empowerment of tribal populations.