The Ancient Indian State: Understanding its aims and objectives

Abstract

While Vedic literature does not explicitly outline the ideals of the state, indirect references suggest that peace, order, security, and justice were foundational principles of governance in ancient India. The king, as the guardian of law and order, played a pivotal role in upholding these values. Historical accounts highlight the ruler’s key responsibilities, including the protection of private property and the preservation of familial norms. Texts such as the Śāntiparva, Agni Purāṇa, and Āpastamba Dharma Sūtra emphasize the king’s obligation to recover stolen property, while the Tamil classic Tirukkural portrays an ideal ruler as one who acquires, safeguards, and redistributes wealth equitably. The Śāntiparva presents nuanced perspectives on governance: while it praises kings who protect the impoverished, it also advises rulers to honor wealthy subjects, recognizing their influence in society. Additionally, maintaining familial integrity and preventing adultery were critical duties of the state. Many legal provisions from this period revolved around property disputes and familial stability. For instance, Kātyāyana’s enumeration of ten major offenses reveals that half pertained to property, and one directly involved family matters. This focus underscores the prevailing belief that property-related conflicts were a primary source of societal strife, necessitating state intervention.