Environment and Health: A Search for Unhealthy Public Health Condition of District Birbhum in the Colonial Period
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2022.v07.i11.017Keywords:
Birbhum, river, Sanitary Commissioner, drainage, malaria, environmentAbstract
This paper is a case study of District Birbhum (West Bengal, India) in the colonial period. The methodology of this paper is based on the sources from colonial period. From 19th century to first half of the 20th century, the district suffered from various epidemic diseases, among them the maximum mortality was caused by cholera and malaria. From the sources of the period it is somewhat clear that the causes of epidemics and mortality had a close connection with the environment of the region.
References
W.W. Hunter, The Annals of Rural Bengal, 2nd edition ( Letpoldt and Hold, Newyork, 1868) page- 427, and Gaurihar Mitro, Birbhumer Itihas, (ed.) by Arun Chaudhuri, (Suri, 2005, page-15)
W.W. Hunter, The Annals of Rural Bengal, page- 427
Ibid
Ibid, page2-3
Ibid, page-2
O’Malley, Bengal District Gazetteers Birbhum, (The Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, Calcutta,1910, Reprint: Govt. of West Bengal,1996) page-9
Based on Cholera in India, Bengal Province 1862-1881, (The Bengal Secretariat Press) & Birbhum District Gazetteer 1901-02
Malay Mukhopadhyay, ‘Birbhum Jelar Bhaugalik Parichiti’, Paschim Banga (Birbhum Secial Issue,Kolkata 2006) page-29-32
Durgadas Majumdar, Op.cit., page-8
O’Malley, Op.cit., page- 2-3
Ibid, page-4
Durgadas Majumdar, Op.cit., page-13
Ibid, page-17
Ibid, page-18
A. Mitra, Census of India 1951, Vol.-VI (The Manager Of Publication ,Delhi,1953) page-216
Durgadas Majumdar, Op.cit., Page-20
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O'Malley, Op.cit., page-6
W.W. Hunter, A Statistical Account of Bengal ,Vol.-IV,Page-484-49
Ibid
Ibid
Ibid, page-447
Report of The Sanitary Commissioner for Bengal for the year 1873 (Bengal Secretariat Press, Calcutta,1874) p-71
W. W. Hunter, The Annals of Rural Bengal, page-65
Ibid,page-69
A Mitra, Census1951,West Bengal District Handbook Birbhum (Printed by S. N. Guha Ray, at Sree Saraswaty Press Ltd.,Calcutta,1954) page-vi, vii
Dr. Ranjan Kumar Gupta, Op.cit., page-83
Ibid, page-122-123
A. Mitra, Census1951,West Bengal District Handbook Birbhum, page- iv
A. Mitra Birbhum, page-vi and Nandan Sarkar, ‘Note on the impact of forestry and soil conservation works on the rural economy of Birbhum district and the scope of future development’ in preceding of symposia, WB Forest Centenary 1964, Calcutta, 1966, page-54, 55
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Rabindranath Tagore, ‘Aranyadebota’, Palli Prakriti (Visva-Bharati Granthan Bibhag, Kolkata, 1962)
Administrative report -1907- 08, (The Bengal Secretariat Press, Calcutta, 1909) page- 65
W. W. Hunter, A Statistical Account of Bengal , Vol.-IV, page- 450
C. A. Bentley, Malaria and Agriculture in Bengal: How to Reduce Malaria in Bengal by Irrigation (Govt. of Bengal, Public Health Dept., Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, Calcutta, 1925) Appendix-1
Ibid
Tagore, ‘Bhumi Lakshmi’ Palli Prakriti (Visva-Bharati Granthan Bibhag, Kolkata, 1962)
C.A. Bentley, Op.cit., page- 25, 26
Degumbar Mitter, The Epidemic Fever in Bengal (Hindoo Patriot Press, Calcutta, 1876) page 93
Ibid, page-44
Ibid, page-54
Ibid
First Sanitary report 1868, page-534
Sanitary commissioner report 1873, page-80
Sanitary commissioner report 1889, page-98
Ibid, page-20
A. Mitra, Census of India 1951, Vol.-VI, page-217
C.A. Bentley, Op.cit., page-37
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