America’s Occupation of Iraq and its Implications

Authors

  • Dr. Tenzin Nakdon Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Ladakh
  • Dr. Chimat Ladol Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Ladakh

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2023.v08.n05.015

Keywords:

Iraq, Occupation, US, Consequences, Ethno-sectarian

Abstract

The US-led invasion of Iraq took place on 20 March 2003. The question that arises is what made the US to invade, occupy, destroy and then to reconstruct Iraq state and to what extend the occupation is legitimate? A debate continued throughout the period of the US occupation over Iraq as to the legitimacy of the US invasion. It first started with the WMD and its threat to the world peace. The war that started in 2003 with the motive of removing Saddam with the false claim of Iraq’s possession of WMD has led to death of thousands of people on both the sides. Despite having no evidence, the Bush administration also tried to convince people that Saddam had a hand in 11 September attack and thus started the invasion of Iraq as a part of ‘war on terrorism’. When US failed to find any link between Saddam and al-Qaeda and the 11 September attack, the public support towards the war gradually declined.

Author Biographies

Dr. Tenzin Nakdon, Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Ladakh

Dr. Tenzin Nakdon received her Bachelor of Arts from Gargi College, University of Delhi. She did her Master’s and M.Phil. from the School of International Studies (SIS), Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. She was awarded the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 2022 from the Centre for West Asian Studies, JNU, New Delhi. Currently, she is working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science, University of Ladakh, Leh Campus.

Dr. Chimat Ladol, Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Ladakh

Dr. Chimat Ladol received her Bachelor of Arts from Hindu College, University of Delhi. She did her Master’s and M.Phil. from the School of International Studies (SIS), Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. She was awarded the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 2020 from the Centre for West Asian Studies, JNU, New Delhi. Currently, she is working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science, University of Ladakh, Leh Campus.

References

Barakat, Sultan (2005), “Post-Saddam Iraq: Deconstructing a Regime, Reconstructing a Nation”, Third World Quarterly, 26 (4/5): 571-591.

Beaumont, Peter and Walters, Joanna (2015), “Greenspan admits Iraq was about oil, as deaths put at 1.2m”, The Guardian, [Online: web] Accessed on 30 April 2023, URL: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/sep/16/iraq.iraqtimeline

Defronzo, James (2010), The Iraq War: Origins and Consequences, Indiana University: Westview Press.

Dodge, Toby (2013), “State and society in Iraq ten years after regime change: the rise of a new authoritarianism”, International Affairs, 89(2): 241–257.

Eisenstadt, Michael and White, Jeffrey (2005), “Assessing Iraq’s Sunni Arab insurgency”, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Policy Focus: 50.

Fawn, Rick (2007), “The Iraq War: Unfolding and Unfinished”, in Rick Fawn and Raymond Hinnebusch (eds.) The Iraq War: Causes and Consequence, New Delhi: Viva Books Private Limited.

Gunter, Michael M. (2013), “The Contemporary Roots of Kurdish Nationalism in Iraq”, Kufa Review, 2 (1): 29-48.

Halchin, L. Elaine (2005), “The Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA): Origin, Characteristics, and Institutional Authorities”, CRS Report for Congress, Order Code RL32370, [Online: web] Accessed on 23 November 2021, URL: http://www.iwar.org.uk/news-archive/crs/32338.pdf

Hedberg, Matthew, (2012), “Iraq Accountability: US troop withdrawal and the Iraq left behind” in Al-Noor: The Boston College Undergraduate Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies Journal, 5 (2): 24-32

Human Rights Watch World Report (1992), “Iraq and Occupied Kuwait”, [Online: web] Accessed on 19 November 2014, URL: http://www.hrw.org/reports/1992/WR92/MEW1-02.htm#P571_222729

Imam, Zafar (2004), Iraq 2003: The return of Imperialism, Delhi: Aakar Books.

Ismael, Tareq Y. and Ismael, Jacqueline S. (2004), The Iraqi Predicament: People in the quagmire of power politics, London: Pluto Press.

Katzman, Kenneth (2004), “Iraq: Transition to Sovereignty”, CRS Report for Congress, Order Code RS21820, [Online: web] Accessed on 05 October 2022, URL: http://fas.org/man/crs/RS21820.pdf

Kirmanj, Sherko (2013), Identity and Nation in Iraq, Boulder London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

Kubursi, Atif (2007),“Oil and the Global Economy”, in Rick Fawn and A. Raymond Hinnebusch (eds.) The Iraq War: Causes and Consequences, New Delhi: Viva Books Private Limited.

MacAskill, Ewen and Borger, Julian (2004) “Iraq war was illegal and breached UN charter, says Annan”, The Guardian, 16 September, [Online: web] Accessed on 2 May 2022, URL: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/16/iraq.iraq

Mehta, Brinda (2006), “Dissidence, Creativity, and Embargo Art in Nuha Al-Radi's Baghdad Diaries", Meridians: Indiana University Press, 6(2): 220-235.

Otterman, Michael, Hil, Richard and (2010),Wilson, Paul Erasing Iraq: The Human costs of carnage, London: Pluto Press.

Pollack, Kenneth M. (2013), “The Fall and Rise and Fall of Iraq”, Middle East Memo, no. 29.

President George W Bush, 'Remarks to the Anniversary of the National Endowment for Democracy', United States Chamber of Commerce, 3 November 2003, [Online web] Accessed on 16 October 2014, URL: http://www.ned.org/george-w-bush/remarks-by-president-george-w-bush-at-the-20th-anniversary

Terrill, WA (2003) “Nationalism, Sectarianism, and the Future of the U.S. Presence in Post-Saddam Iraq”, Strategic Studies Institute, [Online: web] Accessed on 28 December 2022, URL: http://www.iwar.org.uk/news-archive/iraq/postsadm.pdf

Tripp, Charles (2007), A History of Iraq, London: Cambridge University Press.

United Nations, “Security Council Resolution 687”, S/REC/1991, 8 April 1991, [Online: web] Accessed on 6 May 2015, URL: http://www.un.org/Depts/unmovic/documents/687.pdf

UNSC, “Resolution 1472”, S/RES/1472, 28 March 2003, [Online: web] Accessed on 4 April 2022, URL: http://www.geneva-academy.ch/RULAC/pdf_state/UN-Security-Council-Res-1472-2003-Iraq.pdf

UNSC, “Resolution 1483” S/RES/1483, 22 May 2003, [Online: web] Accessed on 6 March 2019, URL: http://www.unesco.org/culture/laws/pdf/resolution1483_iraq_en.pdf

Downloads

Published

15-05-2023

How to Cite

Nakdon, T., & Ladol, C. (2023). America’s Occupation of Iraq and its Implications. RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary, 8(5), 101–108. https://doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2023.v08.n05.015