RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary

Problems Arising from Urbanization in India: A Sociological Perspective

Dr. Alka Bohra — Fri, 10 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0500

Urbanization is often described as a symbol of development. It is, in essence, the process by which cities undergo significant growth and expansion, accompanied by the centralization of economic activities. One key driver of urbanization is the rapid increase in population and the resulting concentration of people in cities due to better planning opportunities. Additionally, industries, transportation, and related activities have a profound impact, which in turn adversely affects the environment. While rural areas symbolize pure and clean environments, urbanization is associated with environmental pollution, leading to ecological crises. Initially, cities were small, their expansion was limited, and the number of economic activities was minimal, causing no significant environmental threats. However, over time, cities not only expanded but did so in an unplanned manner. The centralization of industries accompanied advancements in technology and technical development. This led to the evolution of cities into metropolises, creating a web of transportation networks. Today, the larger the city, the more severe the problems it faces, with these issues growing increasingly critical each day.

Abstract in Hindi Language: शहरीकरण को विकास के प्रतीक के रूप में वर्णित किया जाता है। वास्तव में शहरीकरण वह प्रक्रिया है जिसके अंतर्गत नगरों का अधिकतम विकास एवं विस्तार हो रहा है तथा आर्थिक क्रियाओं का केन्द्रीकरण हो रहा है। शहरीकरण का एक कारण जनसंख्या की तीव्र वृद्धि एवं नगरों में नियोजन की अधिक संभावनाओं के कारण उनमें जनसंख्या का केन्द्रीकरण होता जा रहा है, साथ ही उद्योग, परिवहन आदि का भी वहाँ अत्यधिक प्रभाव होता है, फलस्वरूप पर्यावरण पर उसका विपरीत प्रभाव पड़ता है। वास्तव में ग्रामीण अंचल जहाँ शुद्ध पर्यावरण का प्रतीक है वहीं नगरीय या शहरीकरण के साथ पर्यावरण प्रदूषण जुड़ गया है, जो पारिस्थितिक-संकट का कारण बनता है। प्रारंभ में नगर छोटे थे, उनका विस्तार सीमित था और वहाँ संपादित होने वाली आर्थिक क्रियाओं की संख्या सीमित थी जिसके परिणामस्वरूप पर्यावरण को किसी प्रकार का संकट नहीं था। किंतु कालांतर में नगरों का न केवल विकास अपितु अनियोजित विकास होने लगा तथा यहाँ प्रौद्योगिकी एवं तकनीकी विकास के साथ ही उद्योगों का केन्द्रीकरण होना प्रारंभ हो गया। नगरों से महानगर विकसित हो गये, परिवहन के विविध साधनों का जाल इनमें फैल गया और आज विश्व के जो नगर जितने अधिक बड़े हैं, उतने ही अधिक समस्याओं से ग्रसित हैं और ये समस्यायें दिन-प्रतिदिन गंभीर होती जा रही हैं।

Keywords: भारत, नगरीकरण, पारिस्थितिक-संकट, नियोजन।

Establishment of a Limited Liability Company after the Effectiveness of Law Number 6 of 2023

Dinul Apriliana Akbar, Zainal Asikin, Eduardus bayo Sili — Fri, 10 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0500

This study aims to analyze whether there is dualism in the establishment of a limited liability company after the enactment of Law Number 6 of 2023, to analyze the application of GCG principles to individual PTs, and to analyze the responsibilities of individual PTs and this type of research is a type of normative legal research while the research approach taken is the Statutory Approach and the Conceptual Approach. The results of the study show that the emergence and validity of the UUCK does not result in legal dualism between the UUCK and the UUPT, this is because the Job Creation Law only expands, changes and adds several articles that were previously not regulated by the Limited Liability Company Law, then the governance of individual companies, has regulations to require directors to carry out governance of individual companies in the form of an obligation to make and report financial reports to the relevant minister which is used as a database of individual company profiles and the basis for consideration in determining the criteria for individual companies and the principles of separate entity, limited liability, piercing the corporate veil (limited liability) still apply to limited companies which are individual companies.

Examining the Impact of Capital Structure on the Profitability of the Saudi Banking Sector: A Panel Least Squares (PLS) Approach

Dr. Seraj Bahrawe — Fri, 10 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0500

This study examines the influence of capital structure and other financial variables on the profitability of Saudi Arabia's banking sector during the period 2010 to 2021. The author used a panel least squares (PLS) model, utilizing 96 observations derived from eight banks. Debt to Asset Ratio (DAR), Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), Financial Leverage (FL), Net Income (NI), Interest Expended to Interest Earned (IEIE), and Interest Income to Total Fund (IITF) are some of the independent variables that affect Rate of Return on Assets (ROA). The findings reveal that DAR positively impacts profitability and reflects effective debt utilization within assets, while DER negatively affects profitability due to the risks of excessive reliance on equity-financed debt. FL also has a strong positive influence, emphasizing the importance of leverage, and NI, though marginally impactful, contributes positively. IEIE shows a slight positive effect, indicating the need for efficient cost management, whereas IITF exhibits a negative but insignificant relationship, suggesting inefficiencies in interest income during the period. The model explains 83.1% of the variation in ROA, emphasizing the collective relevance of these factors. The study underscores the importance of balanced debt and equity management, efficient use of financial instruments, and cost optimization to enhance profitability and sustain financial stability in Saudi banks.

Unilateral Cancellation by the Buyer in Cash on Delivery (COD) Transactions Via E-Commerce according to Indonesian Positive Law

Lalu Yanuar Rinaldy, Salim HS, Lalu Wira Pria Suhartana — Fri, 10 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0500

This study aims to analyze mechanism of responsibility in unilateral cancellation by the buyer in COD transactions through e-commerce according to positive Indonesian law and analyzing legal protection for sellers in the event of unilateral cancellation by the buyer in COD transactions through e-commerce according to positive Indonesian law. By using the normative legal research method. Research results Research results Showing the results of the study Mechanism of responsibility in unilateral cancellation by the buyer in COD transactions through e-commerce according to positive Indonesian law, Basically, the validity of a sales and purchase agreement with a COD payment system is subject to Article 1320 of the Civil Code. In the event that the buyer refuses to pay for the package of goods that have been ordered through the marketplace using the COD payment system, the buyer is considered to have committed a breach of contract because the buyer has not fulfilled the performance as agreed in the agreement then Legal protection for the seller in the event of unilateral cancellation by the buyer in a COD transaction through e-commerce according to positive Indonesian law, Legal protection for sellers who experience losses in online shop agreements due to the actions of buyers is regulated in Article 6 of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection concerning the rights of business actors, when the buyer's actions use false data, the seller is also protected by Article 45 A of Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning amendments to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions. Sellers who experience losses due to fraud committed by buyers are also protected by Article 378 of the Criminal Code concerning fraud. The seller's legal action for the losses he experiences in online shops is dispute resolution outside the court as an initial step. When the lawsuit has been registered in court, the judge is obliged to first provide the seller and buyer with the opportunity to go through the mediation process. If an agreement is not reached during the mediation process, the seller can sue the buyer based on Article 1243 of the Civil Code regarding compensation for losses, costs and interest during transactions in online shops.

The Development of the Spirit of Universal Brotherhood in Sanskrit Literature

Govind Prasad Pathak — Fri, 10 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0500

Sanskrit is the most ancient language among all the languages of the world. Its Vedic form is renowned for its antiquity, richness, and completeness. Indian culture is one of the oldest cultures in the world. The core of both the Sanskrit language and Indian culture is the idea of universal brotherhood. This reflects the thought of considering the entire living world as one family. The concept of universal brotherhood is a contribution of Sanskrit literature and Indian culture. This spirit now represents the entire world and all languages in modern times. In the present era, most countries have given this concept a central place in their governing principles.

Abstract in Hindi Language: संस्कृत भाषा विश्व की समस्त भाषाओं में प्राचीनतम भाषा है। इसका वैदिक स्वरूप अपनी प्राचीनता, सरसता एवं पूर्णता के लिए विश्व प्रसिद्ध है। भारतीय संस्कृति विश्व की प्राचीनतम संस्कृतियों में से एक है। संस्कृत भाषा और भारतीय संस्कृति का मूल केंद्र विश्वबंधुत्व की भावना है। यह संपूर्ण जीव जगत को एक ही परिवार मानकर चलने की सोच को प्रकट करती है। विश्वबंधुत्व का विचार सर्वप्रथम संस्कृत साहित्य और भारतीय संस्कृति की देन है। यह भावना आधुनिक समय में संपूर्ण विश्व का और सभी भाषाओं का प्रतिनिधित्व कर रही है। वर्तमान समय में अधिकांश देशों द्वारा अपने शासन संबंधी सिद्धांतों में इसे मुख्य विषय के रूप में स्थान दिया जा रहा है।

Keywords: संस्कृत, प्राचीनतम, विश्वविश्रत, जीव जगत, शासन, आदर्ष, साहित्य, आधुनिक, अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय, प्रतिनिधित्व

The Right to Privacy in India: Historical Evolution and Contemporary Challenges in the Digital Age

Priyanka Dalal , Dr. Richa — Fri, 10 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0500

Privacy in India has seeped into the understanding and dimension of rights and liberties recognized by law and the social, legal and technological dimensions associated with it. These represent a timeline of the tussle between age-old values of the Indian context and present contemporary issues, the foundation on which the evolution of privacy in the nation is built. The advent of new digital technologies, including artificial intelligence, biometrics and the Internet of Things, is permeating even the most intimate, private and public facets of everyday life — opening the door to complexities in the protection of personal data that are perhaps more interwoven than those seen in scope and scale. And while this empowered connectivity has no precedent, these advancements have exposed vulnerabilities in data security, ethical governance and individual autonomy. This is a study on privacy in India, surveying its evolution, contemporary debates and prospects, and analyzing different judicial readings and legislation. Here, significant cases such as Kharak Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh, 1964 (1) AIR SC 332 and Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) Union of India to the recognition of privacy as a fundamental part of the right to life and liberty guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution of India. This paved the way for legislative changes, such as the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill of 2023, to govern personal data processing for users' transparency and empowerment. Conversely, the Act has posed challenges regarding data localization requirements and compliance obligations, especially for multinational entities. Such national and technological environments suggest a new wave of privacy threats as data breaches, corporate surveillance, and insecure digital ecosystems become ubiquitous in the digital environment. This study explores the consequences of these attacks, with a focus on their influence on democracy, individual freedoms, and public trust. Major data breach case studies demonstrate the need for more robust cybersecurity measures, better enforcement mechanisms, and higher public awareness to address the weaknesses of digital transformation. The study also addresses potential ethical challenges related to emerging surveillance technologies and the growing use of data-driven ecosystems. This post advocates for privacy-by-design principles, in which privacy measures are introduced during tech development from its early stages. It highlights the need for clear and accessible privacy policies that enable users. Indeed, it highlights the necessity for an agile legal landscape that can evolve in pace with the swift currents of technological advancements, while navigating the delicate dance of upholding privacy rights and facilitating societal forward momentum.

From the Demand for Information to the Right to Information: A Study

Dulhe Ram Mahavar — Fri, 10 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0500

Rights provide direction for the upliftment of human social life, and in their absence, individuals cannot achieve complete development. Therefore, rights play a crucial role in the holistic development of human life. The right to access information is a fundamental right of every individual. However, its full realization has only been achieved in societies that are fully aware and vigilant. Today, popular sovereignty exists in all states across the world, where the ultimate power rests with the citizens. Citizens exercise this power through voting. Since the authority to govern has been entrusted to certain individuals by the people themselves, it is the citizens' fundamental right to know what the government is doing for them. This very idea led to the emergence of the Right to Information (RTI).

Abstract in Hindi Language: अधिकार ही मानव के सामाजिक जीवन को उन्नयन की दिषा प्रदान करते हैं जिनके अभाव में मानव अपना पूर्ण विकास नहीं कर सकता है। अतः मानव जीवन के पूर्ण विकास के लिए अधिकार सहायक हैं। सूचना पाने का मनुष्य को मौलिक अधिकार है परंतु इसकी पूर्ण अभिव्यक्ति केवल उन्हीं समाजों में मिल सकी जो पूर्ण रूप से सजग है। आज विष्व में सभी राज्यों को लोकप्रिय सम्प्रभुता का वास है जिसमें अन्तिम शक्ति नागरिकों के पास होती है। नागरिक मतदान के माध्यम से इस शक्ति का प्रयोग करते हैं जिन व्यक्तियों को सत्ता या शासन करने की शक्ति स्वयं नागरिकों ने सौंपी है तो उन नागरिकों को यह जानने का पूर्ण अधिकार है कि वह शासन उनके लिए क्या कर रहा है। इसी विचार ने सूचना के अधिकार को जन्म दिया।

Keywords: मूल अधिकार, सामाजिक, उन्नयन, जीवन, सजग, साक्षरता, पूर्णरूपेण, सूचना, संविधान, जन्म, सम्प्रभुता, लोकप्रिय, शासन, विधि

Perspectives on Human Behavior

P.M.Suresh Kumar — Fri, 10 Jan 2025 00:00:00 -0500

Human behavior has always been intriguing, differing with persons and situations. This unpredictability is contributed by his nature, personality, and thinking process. Behavior is dictated by the interplay of a complex set of factors based primarily on need fulfillment. Every individual strives to fulfill needs but to a varying extent. These needs exist in dyads and emerge in systematic ascendancy with increased chronological age. Behavior results from the struggle between the choice of these dyadic needs, as to which is to be given primacy and which could be set aside or regulated. The situation is compounded by the fact that the next set of dyadic needs emerge to gain supremacy even before the earlier set of needs are done away with. Behavior is the result of the needs that emerge, the individual's choice for the fulfillment, the degree to which they are met, the extent of carryover of the unmet needs, and the accumulating " need-worry ". That is to say, hypothetically every individual undergoes a transition in life as he completes one set of needs. It is an irony that a real completion rarely takes place. Each of these stages of emerging dyadic needs at its onset appears to be a " little world "in which the individual is engulfed and gets focused on the struggle to attain. Five such little worlds are found to exist in the history of life of an individual. This discourse is an attempt to portray human behavior through the lens of need fulfillment as a perspective. The dyadic needs that emerge in stages at different times in life span, their significance, sub-components, and implications for fulfillment are discussed. Data has been collected through in-depth interviews from a select sample of diverse age groups and social backgrounds.