RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary
RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary is a double-blind peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal committed to advancing knowledge across a wide spectrum of disciplines through Multidisciplinary research. The journal serves as a platform for scholars, practitioners, and researchers from diverse academic backgrounds to publish original and high-quality work that bridges disciplinary boundaries and fosters innovative thinking. The journal welcomes submissions in multiple languages — English, Hindi and Gujarati— to promote inclusive academic communication and support linguistic diversity in global scholarship. Journal Start Year: January-2016 Title: RESEARCH REVIEW International Multidisciplinary Research Journal ISSN: 2455-3085 (Online) Impact Factor: 6.93 Crossref DOI: 10.31305/rrijm Frequency of Publication: Monthly [12 issues per year] Languages: English/Hindi/Gujarat [Multiple Languages] Accessibility: Open Access Peer Review Process: Double Blind Peer Review Process Subject: Multidisciplinary Plagiarism Checker: Turnitin (License) Publication Format: Online Article Acceptance Rate: 18% to 29% Contact No.: +91- 99784 40833 Email: editor@rrjournals.com Old Website: https://old.rrjournals.com/ New Website: https://rrjournals.com/ Address: 15, Kalyan Nagar, Shahpur, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380001 Key Features of RRIJM Journal was listed in UGC with Journal No. 44945 (Till 14-06-2019) Journal Publishes online every month Online article submission Standard peer review process
Cognitive Mechanisms of Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)
Since the time when the concept of Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) came into being, some clinical research has been carried out, but it has not raised awareness among the masses. This lack of public awareness about SAD has led to the silent suffering of many persons who could never attribute their symptoms to a treatable problem. Without intervention, SAD frequently leads to persistent mental anxiety, academic or professional failure, and comorbid psychological challenges. The current paper aims to explore the subjective experience of SAD, make young adults aware of the problems and probable pathways for recovery to prevent their long-term functional impairment. A qualitative approach has been carried out in accordance with the aims. The findings suggest that SAD is experienced not merely as a fear of people, but as a profound distortion of self-identity and bodily presence in social spaces. These insights underscore the necessity of Cognitive behavioral therapy, Cognitive restructuring, Social skills training, Exposure therapy, and relaxation training as achievable methods to overcome SAD.
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad’s Internment at Ranchi (1916-1920): Silent but meaningful years in his Life
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was an important character for the history of independent India. But the history could not give justice to him. It is the fact that he had a great contribution in the every pages of Indian history. In this article, we can discuss about those periods of his life when he was confined in Ranchi and living a life in exile at the outskirt of Ranchi. He was expelled from Calcutta due to his literary activities and took residence at Ranchi with a lot of restrictions imposed by the Bihar and Orissa government. Despite of that, he did not stop his activities and forget his duties towards his countrymen. In his internment, he makes mosque as a place where people not only from Ranchi but from distant places came and took suggestions from him in various matters. For the people of Ranchi, he emerged as a leader and messiah.
Missing Heritability in Kiran Desai's Inheritance of Loss
This paper reviews the missing heritability as used in The Inheritance of Loss by Kiran Desai, the relationship between colonial history, globalization, and socio-political conflict and how people live in postcolonial societies. The characters in the novel inherit emotional emptiness, cultural alienation and economic insecurity and not prosperity or stability because the setting of the novel is in Kalimpong in the 1980s with parallel narratives set in New York City. The book through the character of Jemubhai Patel, Sai, Biju and other characters brings out the psychological effects of colonialism and the ugly face of migration and globalization. The case of the internalized colonial mind of the judge shows that the colonial rule results in identity conflicts and detachment of emotions that goes through generations. Equally, the loneliness of Sai and the plight of Biju as an illegal immigrant help to underscore the inequalities and marginalization that characterize postcolonial condition. The political instability of Gorkhaland movement also increases the insecurity and displacement of the characters. The combination of personal narratives, historical and social realities reveals how the history of colonial oppression and economic inequality in the world affect identity, relations, and opportunities in modern society (Desai).
Muslim Women in Howrah District (1857–1947): A Socio-Economic Analysis
This research examines the socio-economic conditions of Muslim women in the Howrah district during the Colonial period (1857–1947). While the district's historical roots dated back to early times, its modern governmental autonomy was established under British governance, leading to its detachment from Hooghly in 1843. Drawing on colonial censuses, District Gazetteers, Official documents, and secondary literature, this article examines women's involvement in education, agriculture, and household activities. The transition of Howrah district from an agrarian economy to an industrial center created unique opportunities for women, especially in informal and household industries such as embroidery, weaving, zari work, tailoring, silk production, paper-making, and wig manufacturing. These mainly household activities empowered women from the Muslim community to participate in income-generating activities while observing to socially tolerable norms dictated by purdah and male-controlled traditions. Though the literacy rates among Muslim women were still lower than those of other societies, regular education and engagement in economic activities laid a socio-economically better ground for girl children from those families compared to their equals in other districts of Bengal. Without a doubt, this article discusses how Muslim women remained crucial, historically poorly-studied actors in the economy of Howrah district, and particularly its informal sector, despite the countless structural limits they faced.
Rethinking Education in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: Revolutionising Learning Methods with Smart Technologies
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly reshaping educational ecosystems worldwide. AI is revolutionising educational processes by enabling personalised learning, adaptive instruction, intelligent tutoring, real-time feedback and data-driven decision-making. This research paper examines how AI enhances the learning process across educational levels, transforms traditional pedagogies, and improves student engagement and outcomes. The integration of AI in education addresses enduring challenges such as learning heterogeneity, instructional inefficiencies, and scalability constraints while simultaneously presenting ethical, infrastructural, and pedagogical implications. This paper critically explores how AI enhances the learning process, examines empirical evidence of its impact on learning outcomes, and discusses key challenges and considerations for effective implementation. Drawing on systematic literature reviews, meta-analyses, and empirical studies from high-impact journals, the research highlights the multifaceted influence of AI technologies on student learning, teacher practices, and educational systems. This study highlights major advantages such as real-time feedback, personalised instruction, and automated assessment. However, it also addresses the ethical, equity, and implementation challenges associated with AI adoption in education, including algorithmic bias, data privacy, and potential overreliance on technology. Ultimately, the paper argues that AI can significantly boost the learning process if integrated responsibly and strategically, with adequate teacher training, ethical frameworks, and equitable access.
Navigating the Jejunal Junction: Surgical Management of a Proximal Jejunal GIST Involving the Transverse Mesocolon - A Technical Challenge
Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. Although the stomach is the predominant site, 20–30% arise in the small intestine, with proximal jejunal GISTs being particularly rare. Their location near the duodenojejunal (DJ) flexure and proximity to major mesenteric vessels pose significant operative challenges. Complete surgical excision with negative margins (R0) remains the cornerstone of treatment. Case Reported-We report the case of a middle aged male presenting with a one year history of intermittent upper abdominal pain. Imaging revealed a large enhancing lesion arising from the proximal jejunum. Image guided biopsy confirmed a spindle cell GIST. Intraoperatively, a 10 × 8 cm mass located 5 cm distal to the DJ flexure was found to infiltrate the distal transverse mesocolon and was closely related to the inferior mesenteric vein (IMV). A multivisceral en bloc resection was performed, including 30 cm of proximal jejunum and 7 cm of distal transverse colon, with vascular control achieved through meticulous identification and ligation of feeding vessels. Reconstruction was completed using stapled side to side duodenojejunal and transverse colonic anastomoses. The postoperative course was uneventful. Histopathology confirmed a malignant spindle cell GIST with negative margins; the patient was commenced on adjuvant imatinib based on risk stratification. Learning Point- This case highlights the unique technical considerations in managing proximal jejunal GISTs, emphasising the importance of meticulous dissection, preservation of vascular supply, and strategic operative planning to achieve R0 resection and optimal outcomes.
From Oppression to Freedom: A Dalit Feminist Reinterpretation of Existence
This study article by a Dalit feminist explores how socioeconomic inequity, gender, and caste shape existence. It asserts that classical philosophy, particularly existentialism, ignores significant social structures that influence people’s lives in favour of seeing existence as a singular, universal experience. This study demonstrates how Dalit women are subjected to oppressive structures that restrict their opportunities, rights, and dignity in addition to their freedom of choice. Additionally, the report highlights how Dalit women actively challenge these systems through literature, education, and group resistance. By analysing well-known authors and philosophers, the study demonstrates how lived experience may inform knowledge and transform identity and agency. Freedom is no longer an individual ideal but rather a societal goal that calls for equality and social change. In order to provide a more comprehensive and grounded explanation of life, this study offers a Dalit feminist existential framework that connects individual experience to social reality. It concludes that the only way to achieve true freedom is to confront and change patriarchy and caste, giving everyone; especially the marginalized; a purpose in life.
The impact of NREGA on rural development of Nabadwip Block in COVID-19 situation, West Bengal (India)
NREGA has come after almost 56 years of other rural employment programmes in India. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) was enacted on August 23, 2005. This scheme was passed and implemented in September 2005. Later, this scheme was renamed as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) on October 2, 2009 (Mohanty 2012: 1). It runs through both the Central Government sponsored and implemented by State Government (Mohanty 2012: 1). NREGA is being considered as a ‘Silver Bullet’ for the rural development. It has been eradicating rural poverty and unemployment by generating employment demand for a productive labour force in villages. Development in all societies must have at least the following three objectives: i) To increase the availability and widen the distribution of sustaining goods such as food, shelter, health and protection. ii) To raise the levels of living including higher incomes, more employment opportunities, better education and greater attention to cultural and humanistic values. iii)To expand the range of economic and social choices available to individuals and nations by freeing them from servitude and dependence not only on other people but also on the forces of ignorance and human misery (Shanthi 2017: 8). This articles includes various issues like MGNREGA Work during Covid-19, Employment Provided HHs of SC, ST and Women during Covid-19, unemployment allowance, employment opportunities, and, impact of MGNREGA on SC, ST, women, and disabled persons during Covid-19 etc. compared with pre-Covid situation.
Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam and the Vision of Human Unity: A Bhartiya Model for Inclusive Education and Society
The Indian philosophical ideal of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam embodies the principles of universal brotherhood, compassion, and collective well-being. In the context of contemporary societies marked by persistent inequalities, exclusion, and the growing influence of shadow education, this philosophy offers a valuable ethical framework for fostering inclusivity. Complementing this, Sri Aurobindo’s vision of human unity emphasizes harmony in diversity and the collective evolution of humanity. The present study examines the relevance of these philosophical perspectives in shaping inclusive practices within education, society, and policy, with particular reference to persons with disabilities (PWDs), while also critically reflecting on the inequitable implications of shadow education as a parallel system of learning. Drawing upon key policy frameworks such as the National Education Policy (NEP 2020) and the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPWD) Act, 2016, the study proposes a Bhartiya model for inclusive human unity. It argues that the expansion of shadow education reflects systemic gaps in formal schooling and reinforces socio-economic disparities, thereby challenging the ideals of equity and collective well-being. In contrast, the integration of indigenous philosophical values with contemporary policy initiatives can significantly strengthen inclusive education, reduce dependence on shadow education, and promote equitable learning opportunities for all. The study concludes that fostering inclusivity through value-based education, holistic pedagogical practices, and responsive policy frameworks is essential for realizing the ideal of ‘oneness’ and building a just, compassionate, and inclusive society.
Inbound Marketing Strategies in the Organic Cosmetics Market: An Empirical Study of Consumer Perceptions
The organic cosmetics market has been growing tremendously over the past few years as customers have been more concerned with health, environmental friendliness, and ethical consumption when making buying choices. The increasing knowledge on the negative impact of synthetic chemicals in traditional cosmetic products has pushed consumers to move towards organic and natural products. With the growth of the market of organic cosmetics, the brands are turning to new marketing strategies to win and keep customers on board. One of such strategies has been inbound marketing strategies, which have proven to be a useful strategy in reaching the consumers with useful information, personalized communication, and meaningful interactions with the digital platform. In comparison with the conventional outbound marketing, inbound marketing is aimed at capturing consumers by informative content, social media interactions, search engine exposure and personalized communication that resonates with the consumer interests and preferences. The main aim of the research is to review the existing situation of the inbound marketing strategies adopted by the brands in the organic cosmetics market and to study the impact of the marketing strategies on the consumer perception and buying behaviour. The research design is quantitative in nature and is founded on primary data obtained using a structured questionnaire survey. The number of respondents involved in the study was 250, and they gave a lot of useful information about their demographic features, buying behaviour, and their attitudes toward the digital marketing strategies implemented by the organic cosmetic brands. The study specifically tests the critical inbound marketing variables, which are content marketing, social media marketing, search engine optimization (SEO), and email marketing that is personalized. The content marketing would be important in informing consumers about the ingredients of products, their sustainability, and how organic skincare benefits them. Social media marketing allows the brands to establish connections with the consumers via influencer partnerships, online communities and user-generated content. SEO will make the brand more visible and enable consumers to learn about organic cosmetic products using the search engine. Also, customized email marketing will make the communication more targeted and enhance the customer contact, providing specific recommendations and promotion suggestions. According to the results of the study, inbound marketing strategies play a big role in determining consumer awareness, trust, and buying behaviour in the market of organic cosmetics. Educational and informative information was observed to increase brand credibility, and social media sites were also singled out as important avenues of brand discovery and communication with consumers. The search engine optimization tactics enhanced product visibility, and the use of custom email messages helped to establish better customer relations and intention to re-purchase. In general, the research paper demonstrates the increasing role of inbound marketing in the process of consumer decision-making and its strategic value to organic cosmetic companies that aim to establish sustainable and lasting relationships with customers in the ever-digitized market.
Opportunities and Challenges in Leveraging Dynamic Capabilities to Enhance the Sustainable Performance of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Vietnam
In the context of digital transformation, economic integration, and increasing demands for sustainable development, this study focuses on analyzing the opportunities and challenges in enhancing dynamic capabilities to improve the sustainable business performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Vietnam. Specifically, the study examines opportunities arising from digital transformation, international integration, government support policies, market changes, and the innovation ecosystem, while also identifying challenges related to resource constraints, technology, management capabilities, human resources, and the institutional environment. Based on this analysis, the study proposes several managerial and policy implications to support SMEs in strengthening dynamic capabilities and promoting long-term sustainable development.
Contemporary India: Problems and Threats
India has, over the past few decades, been witnessing a variety of problems, drastically different from those of the past, that potentially destabilise the nation's unity, peace and governance. The scale and intensity of cross-border terrorism have increased such that there is no single day without a casualty. The western border is turbulent with the neighbouring country equipping the infiltrators, preparing and training them, funding them, arming them, and helping them to clandestinely cross over to Indian territory and cause devastation for militia and citizens alike. This has been the fallout ever since the partition and the subsequent wars between the two nations, and the perpetual strife over the recognition of disputed territories. Inside the country, we find the indigenous rebels, namely Maoists, fighting against the state, hiding under cover, and striking with heavy weaponry. They fight for a wrong ideology of engaging in armed conflict to overthrow the Government. Of late, radicalism driven by religion has spread its wings at a much faster pace in the subcontinent as much as in many countries around the world. They dream of a Religious state uncompromisingly in a pluralist society. There are calls for separatism, within states, between states, or the peninsula as such. The Dalit card is a far more active vote bank. The illegal migrants have mixed with the masses and are very difficult to trace. The parliamentary democracy is witnessing ruckus with unproductive sessions of mud-slinging. These and many such problems threaten to destabilise the nation and redraw a vehemently chaotic rhetoric for the future. The attempt here is to examine such issues and their likely consequences.
The Role of Diaspora Writers in the Promotion of Hindi Literature in a Global Perspective
In the present era of globalization, rapid communication revolution, expansion of information technology, and increasing trends of international migration have played a significant role in taking the Hindi language and literature beyond national boundaries and establishing it at a global level. In this process, the contribution of diaspora writers has been highly remarkable and multidimensional. Hindi writers residing abroad have not only kept the language alive through their literary creations but have also enriched its thematic expansion, diversity of expression, and cultural sensibility. Diaspora literature has introduced Hindi literature to a new global perspective, new experiential worlds, and a multicultural outlook on life. The works of diaspora Hindi writers vividly depict themes such as the sense of displacement, attachment to the homeland, cultural memory, identity crisis, search for self-existence, generational conflict, linguistic identity, and the contradictions arising between Indian and Western cultures. These writers have expressed the experiences of diaspora life through various literary genres such as short stories, novels, poetry, memoirs, autobiographies, and drama. Their writings clearly reflect the preservation and recreation of Indian values, traditions, customs, and cultural consciousness. At the same time, issues such as adjustment in foreign societies, social anomalies, racial discrimination, cultural conflict, and psychological dilemmas prominently emerge. Therefore, it can be said that diaspora writers have made a highly significant contribution to the development, expansion, and global recognition of Hindi literature. Their writings have transformed Hindi from merely a national language of India into a medium of global literary expression. Today, in the global form, popularity, and richness of Hindi literature, the role of diaspora literature is central and indispensable. Abstract in Hindi Language: वर्तमान वैश्वीकरण, तीव्र संचार क्रांति, सूचना-प्रौद्योगिकी के विस्तार तथा अंतरराष्ट्रीय प्रवासन की बढ़ती प्रवृत्तियों ने हिन्दी भाषा और साहित्य को राष्ट्रीय सीमाओं से बाहर निकालकर वैश्विक स्तर पर प्रतिष्ठित करने में महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई है। इस प्रक्रिया में प्रवासी साहित्यकारों का योगदान अत्यंत उल्लेखनीय और बहुआयामी रहा है। विदेशों में निवास करने वाले हिन्दी रचनाकारों ने अपनी साहित्यिक सर्जना के माध्यम से हिन्दी भाषा को न केवल जीवंत बनाए रखा है, बल्कि उसके विषय-विस्तार, अभिव्यक्ति-विविधता और सांस्कृतिक संवेदना को भी समृद्ध किया है। प्रवासी साहित्य ने हिन्दी साहित्य को एक नए वैश्विक परिप्रेक्ष्य, नवीन अनुभव संसार और बहुसांस्कृतिक जीवन-दृष्टि से परिचित कराया है। प्रवासी हिन्दी साहित्यकारों की रचनाओं में विस्थापन-बोध, मातृभूमि के प्रति अनुराग, सांस्कृतिक स्मृति, पहचान-संकट, आत्म-अस्तित्व की खोज, पीढ़ीगत द्वंद्व, भाषायी अस्मिता तथा भारतीय और पाश्चात्य संस्कृतियों के मध्य उत्पन्न अंतर्विरोधों का सशक्त चित्रण मिलता है। इन साहित्यकारों ने प्रवासी जीवन के अनुभवों को कथा, उपन्यास, कविता, संस्मरण, आत्मकथा और नाटक जैसी विविध साहित्यिक विधाओं के माध्यम से अभिव्यक्त किया है। उनकी रचनाओं में भारतीय जीवन-मूल्यों, परम्पराओं, रीति-रिवाजों तथा सांस्कृतिक चेतना का संरक्षण और पुनर्सृजन स्पष्ट रूप से दृष्टिगत होता है। साथ ही, विदेशी समाज में समायोजन, सामाजिक विडम्बनाओं, नस्लीय भेदभाव, सांस्कृतिक संघर्ष और मानसिक द्वंद्व जैसे विषय भी प्रमुख रूप से उभरकर सामने आते हैं। अतः कहा जा सकता है कि प्रवासी साहित्यकारों ने हिन्दी साहित्य के संवर्धन, विस्तार और वैश्विक प्रतिष्ठा में अत्यंत महत्त्वपूर्ण योगदान दिया है। उनके लेखन ने हिन्दी को केवल भारत की भाषा न रहने देकर विश्व-स्तरीय साहित्यिक अभिव्यक्ति का माध्यम बनाया है। आज हिन्दी के वैश्विक स्वरूप, उसकी लोकप्रियता और साहित्यिक समृद्धि में प्रवासी साहित्य की भूमिका केंद्रीय और अपरिहार्य है। Keywords: वैश्वीकरण, प्रवासी साहित्य, हिन्दी साहित्य, सांस्कृतिक अस्मिता, विस्थापन, भारतीयता, वैश्विक परिप्रेक्ष्य।
Women have continued to be victims of oppression since time immemorial. The rigid structures of traditional patriarchal society, and the accompanying ideology of male supremacy it generated, have contributed to the subordination of women. This condition tends to prevail in social life, even in the very present. With increased participation of women in education and employment, newer forms of oppression have found a way. Women are now left with the double burden of childbirth and associated difficulties, hardships of household work, unpaid, unrewarded and unacknowledged, coupled with employment outside the home to supplement family income. Some are the sole breadwinners. They are the female-headed households. With the employment expectations remaining the same as those of men, the employed women are struggling to cope. Newer forms of atrocities have emerged, such as abandonment, increasing divorce, marital discord, sexual abuse and domestic violence. Religion, which has always justified the subordination of women, prevails. Political structures have contributed to widening the gap of disparity, notwithstanding the advantaged few. Exploitation of women continues in more disguised forms than ever in the past. One of the present concerns women face now is the increasing marginalisation and loss of identity. The attempt here is to examine the barriers women face that endanger their well-being, put them at risk, subordinate them in society, and hasten the process of marginalisation.
A Brief Introduction to the Tribal Culture of Chhattisgarh
The tribal culture of Chhattisgarh is an important part of India’s ancient and distinctive cultural traditions, which is deeply connected with nature. The present study provides a brief analysis of the origin, development, and socio-cultural structure of tribal society. It highlights traditions such as the clan (gotra) system, youth dormitories, marriage practices, food habits, tattoo art (godna), religious beliefs, dance, theatre, festivals, and metal craftsmanship. Nature worship, collective life, and traditional knowledge hold special significance in tribal society. Elements of simplicity, harmony, and discipline are clearly reflected in their way of life. Along with this, traditional economic activities such as shifting cultivation also form the basis of their livelihood. The study reveals that tribal culture serves as a source of inspiration for modern society, especially in maintaining a balance between humans and nature. Therefore, the preservation and promotion of this cultural heritage are extremely important. Abstract in Hindi Language: छत्तीसगढ़ की जनजातीय संस्कृति भारत की प्राचीन एवं विशिष्ट सांस्कृतिक परंपराओं का महत्वपूर्ण अंग है, जो प्रकृति से गहरे रूप से जुड़ी हुई है। प्रस्तुत अध्ययन में जनजातीय समाज की उत्पत्ति, विकास एवं उनकी सामाजिक-सांस्कृतिक संरचना का संक्षिप्त विश्लेषण किया गया है। इसमें गोत्र व्यवस्था, युवागृह, विवाह प्रथाएँ, खान-पान, गोदना कला, धार्मिक विश्वास, नृत्य, नाट्य, त्योहार तथा धातु शिल्पकला जैसी परंपराओं का उल्लेख किया गया है। जनजातीय समाज में प्रकृति पूजा, सामूहिक जीवन एवं परंपरागत ज्ञान का विशेष महत्व है। इनके जीवन में सरलता, सामंजस्य एवं अनुशासन के तत्व स्पष्ट रूप से दिखाई देते हैं। साथ ही स्थानांतरण कृषि जैसी पारंपरिक आर्थिक गतिविधियाँ भी इनके जीवन का आधार हैं। अध्ययन से स्पष्ट होता है कि जनजातीय संस्कृति आधुनिक समाज के लिए प्रेरणास्रोत है, विशेषतः मानव और प्रकृति के बीच संतुलन स्थापित करने की दृष्टि से। अतः इस सांस्कृतिक धरोहर के संरक्षण एवं संवर्धन की आवश्यकता अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण है। Keywords: जनजातीय संस्कृति, छत्तीसगढ़, आदिवासी समाज, गोत्र व्यवस्था, युवागृह, पारंपरिक जीवन
Digital Fatigue and Retention in the Age of Hyper-Connectivity: A Post-Pandemic Assessment
The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the shift to remote and hybrid work, creating an era of hyper-connectivity through constant use of video conferencing, collaboration tools, emails, and notifications. While these technologies enhanced flexibility and continuity, they have also intensified digital fatigue, including Zoom fatigue, tool overload, technostress, and burnout. This post-pandemic assessment, drawing primarily on 2023–2025 literature, examines how digital fatigue affects employee retention and turnover intentions. Empirical evidence indicates a strong positive correlation between remote working fatigue and turnover intentions, particularly among Millennials (Syakir et al., 2025). Statistical findings reveal that digital tool fatigue results in productivity losses averaging 51 minutes per employee per week, equivalent to nearly 44 hours annually (Robinson, 2025). Additionally, surveys show that nearly 75% of employees still experience Zoom fatigue at varying levels (Bailenson, 2025 update studies). Declining employee engagement, which fell to approximately 21–23% globally by 2024, further exacerbates retention challenges (Gallup, 2025). Organizational strategies such as tool rationalization, right-to-disconnect policies, and digital wellness initiatives are critical for mitigating fatigue and improving retention outcomes. This study highlights the urgent need for human-centric digital practices in sustaining workforce well-being in hyper-connected environments.
A Study on the Role of Cold Chain in Improving Market Access for Indian Farmers
Agriculture continues to be a important source of income for a sizable section of the Indian people; however, inadequate post-harvest infrastructure limits farmers’ participation in competitive markets. Insufficient cold chain infrastructure, in particular, has become a major contributor to high post-harvest losses, income instability, and limited access to organized and distant markets, especially for perishable agricultural commodities. This study examines the effects of coldchain infrastructure on market access for Indian farmers by integrating secondary evidence with primary field data.The research utilises secondary data from Government of India reports and publications by organisations including the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and India Brand Equity Foundation, as well as industry and policy reports. Additionally, primary data were gathered from 250 farmers to evaluate the on-ground impacts of cold chain accessibility. Secondary data indicate that post-harvest losses for perishable produce in. Analysis of primary data confirms that access to cold chain facilities substantially reduces post-harvest losses, increases operational efficiency, and strengthens farmers’ participation in organized and distant markets. Statistical results demonstrate strong positive associations between cold chain availability and improved price realisation, broader market reach, and decreased distress sales. Factor analysis further indicates that cold chain–enabled market access contributes significantly to income stability and the overall sustainability of farmers' livelihoods.The study concludes that cold chain infrastructure serves not only as a storage and logistics mechanism but also as a strategic enabler of market integration, farmer welfare, and agricultural value chain efficiency. Strengthening cold chain systems through targeted policy interventions, decentralized infrastructure development, and institutional coordination, including initiatives led by The National Center for Cold-chain Development (NCCD) has the potential to significantly improve farmer earnings, lower food losses, and promote sustainable agricultural growth in India.
National Center for Cold-chain Development (NCCD)
Global Environmental Policies: An Indian Perspective
Industrialization has led to economic development, but it has also pushed the environment close to the limits of its tolerance. Over the past four decades, continuous efforts have been made at the international level for environmental protection, and India has been an active participant in these efforts. The main objectives of the present study are as follows: (a) this research paper analyzes the policies formulated for environmental protection and reviews the environmental monitoring policies adopted by the states, (b) it also discusses the potential challenges faced by society. For this study, literature as well as government and official websites have been used. The following conclusions have been drawn from the present research: (a) India’s environmental policies are implemented across all states, with Himachal Pradesh being a leading state, (b) ultimately, the impact of these policies is reflected in the policy-making system and in the participation of social groups in environmental protection. Abstract in Hindi Language: औद्योगीकरण से आर्थिक विकास हुआ है, लेकिन इसने पर्यावरण को उसकी सहनशीलता की सीमा के करीब भी धकेल दिया है । पिछले चार दशकों से, पर्यावरण संरक्षण के लिए अंतरराष्ट्रीय स्तर पर निरंतर प्रयास किए जा रहे हैं, और भारत इन प्रयासों में सक्रिय भागीदार रहा है । वर्तमान शोध के मुख्य उद्देश्य निम्नलिखित हैं: अ) यह शोधपत्र पर्यावरण संरक्षण हेतु बनाई गई नीतियों का विश्लेषण करता है और राज्यों द्वारा अपनाई गई पर्यावरण निगरानी नीतियों की समीक्षा करता है, ब) समाज के सामने आने वाली संभावित चुनौतियों पर भी चर्चा की गई है । इस अध्ययन के लिए साहित्य के साथ-साथ सरकारी और आधिकारिक वेबसाइटों का भी उपयोग किया गया । वर्तमान शोध से निम्नलिखित निष्कर्ष निकले: अ) भारत की पर्यावरण नीतियां सभी राज्यों में लागू की जाती हैं, जिनमें हिमाचल प्रदेश अग्रणी राज्य है, ब) अंततः, इन नीतियों का प्रभाव नीति-निर्माण प्रणाली और पर्यावरण संरक्षण में सामाजिक वर्ग की भागीदारी में परिलक्षित होता है । Keywords: औद्योगीकरण, पर्यावरण नीतियां, प्रदूषण, सामाजिक वर्ग, हिमाचल प्रदेश
Gender Gap in Entrepreneurial Intention in India: An Evidence from GEM Data
Entrepreneurship is a step-by-step process that involves multiple stages. The process of becoming an entrepreneur is characterised by selectivity and encounters numerous hurdles and problems. The study attempts to locate the presence of variation in intention to start a business across gender in post pandemic period in India. The planned behavior theory is utilized to assess the factors influencing entrepreneurial inclination. The study found that females are more willing to start their own business in comparison to male but the difference in entrepreneurial intention is insignificant across gender in the post-pandemic period. Furthermore, despite the males are less willing to start their own business, the significant endowment effect in favour of males has reduced the gender gap. The endowment effect suggest that males have better access to entrepreneurial networks, self-efficacy relative to female.
Legal and Socio-Cultural Dimensions of Live-in Relationships in India: A Doctrinal Analysis
Live-in relationships in India represent a structural reconfiguration of intimate partnerships beyond the institution of marriage. While such relationships remain socially contested, judicial developments increasingly situate them within constitutional protections of autonomy, dignity, and privacy. This article examines the doctrinal evolution of live-in relationships through case law and statutory interpretation, with emphasis on developments between 2024 and 2026. It argues that Indian law operates through a model of conditional recognition structured by the judicial construct of “relationships in the nature of marriage.” This model enables selective extension of rights while preserving the formal primacy of marriage. The resulting framework produces fragmentation across maintenance, property, and criminal law. The analysis demonstrates that recent jurisprudence consolidates autonomy-based reasoning but exposes unresolved tensions between constitutional principles and status-based statutory regimes. The article concludes that legislative intervention is necessary to establish doctrinal coherence, reduce uncertainty, and align legal regulation with evolving social practices.
Academic Anxiety and Adjustment Ability Among the Primary School Students in the district of Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal
This current investigation has conducted to explore academic anxiety and adjustment ability in primary school students of Uttar Dinajpur District, West Bengal. This study was using descriptive survey method and total 200 school students from three primary schools were selected in Uttar Dinajpur District as the sample. The study was determined to using two independently - developed questionnaires such as - one measuring academic anxiety and other assessing adjustment ability. This examination was using statistical techniques such as Mean, Standard Deviation, t-value and Pearson's Product Moment Correlation were using SPSS for data analysis. This study was finding that there is not positively correlation compared with academic anxiety and adjustment ability, also indicating that lower adjustment ability is associated with lower academic anxiety. The study was found no significant dissimilarity in academic anxiety and adjustment ability based on gender or locality (urban and rural) of the primary school students. This investigation was discovered that Between Groups Parents' Occupation have comparatively low than the Within Groups Parents' Occupation in Academic Anxiety and in adjustment ability's between groups parents' occupation have comparatively high than the Within Groups Parents' Occupation. The result of the study explore that AMP Parents' Educational Qualification have comparatively low than BMP Parents' Educational Qualification in Academic Anxiety and AMP Parents' Educational Qualification have comparatively high than the BMP Parents' Educational Qualification in Adjustment Ability in the district of Uttar Dinajpur on the basis of their obtained mean scores.
High dietary sodium intake promotes urinary sodium and glucose excretion by elevating plasma adiponectin levels through PPARδ stimulation in adipose tissue. The resulting increase in adiponectin downregulates renal SGLT2, thereby reducing the reabsorption of both sodium and glucose—a protective mechanism that is weakened by hyperglycemia in diabetes. High sodium consumption is a major risk factor for hypertension in diabetic individuals, and promoting sodium excretion helps reduce cardiometabolic complications. However, the interaction between sodium intake and glucose homeostasis remains poorly understood. In this study, high sodium intake significantly increased natriuresis in wild-type mice, but this effect was blunted in adipose-specific PPARδ knockout mice and in diabetic mice. Activating PPARδ in perirenal fat—either through agonists or high salt intake—suppressed renal SGLT2 function via enhanced adiponectin production. Additionally, high salt-induced natriuresis was impaired in diabetes due to renal SGLT2 dysfunction. In type 2 diabetic patients with uncontrolled hyperglycemia, reduced natriuresis correlated with their plasma adiponectin levels. These findings reveal the distinctive role of the PPARδ/adiponectin/SGLT2 pathway in regulating sodium and glucose balance. High sodium intake increases type 2 diabetes risk by contributing to obesity, insulin resistance, and hypertension. For diabetic patients, limiting sodium to under 1,500 mg/day is recommended to manage blood pressure and reduce cardiovascular risk. Hypernatremia, most common among older adults, may also result from excessive urination due to high blood sugar, kidney disorders, vasopressin resistance, adrenal gland disorders, or excessive salt administration in hospitalized patients.
Constitutional & Legal Provisions for Women Empowerment in India
The pursuit of women’s empowerment remains a defining challenge of the 21st century, particularly in complex, patriarchal societies like India. Empowerment transcends mere legislative protection; it necessitates the creation of an ecosystem where women can exercise agency, access opportunities, and command equal status across social, economic, political, and psychological domains. This article traces the arc of women’s status in India from the ancient to the modern era, providing a critical analysis of the constitutional guarantees and statutory mechanisms designed to secure their rights. While India possesses a robust de jure framework, a significant chasm persists between legal provisions and ground-level realities. This paper identifies key legislative milestones, evaluates their implementation deficits, and offers actionable suggestions to bridge the gap between constitutional promise and tangible empowerment.
Recent Trends in Environmental Behaviour
Environment is now in danger. It has been proven that human behaviour is one of the most important reasons of increasing these. Only some positive behaviour can save the environment from this. The current study has been conducted to concentrate in recent trends in Environmental Behaviour in abroad and also in India.
Social Media and Globalization: An Analytical Study of Its Impact on Contemporary Society
The present research paper analytically studies the transformative role of social media in accelerating the process of globalization. The present era is the age of information and communication technology, where social media has emerged not merely as a means of communication but as a global force, proving true the concept of the “global village” given by Marshall McLuhan. The main objective of this study is to find out how social media sites such as Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, and Twitter have blurred geographical boundaries and provided an easy and accessible medium for the free flow of economic, social, cultural, and political exchanges. Secondary data has been used as the research methodology, which includes reports of the World Economic Forum and UNESCO. Along with this, analysis of updated national and international journals has also been included. Social media stores our work, productivity, entertainment, communication, and all personal information in algorithms and increases our knowledge in all areas, but it is up to us to decide how and to what extent social media will play a role in our lives. The help received from mobile phones and social media cannot be denied, but balance in their use is very necessary. The glamour of virtual relationships in the real world has given rise to mental and social problems. The findings of the research show that while social media has promoted global trade, cultural exchange, and democratization of education, it has also created serious challenges such as digital colonialism, cultural homogenization, and fake news. The study makes it clear that the future of globalization depends entirely on digital literacy and global rules of data security. Ultimately, there is a need to regulate and control the use of social media to reduce its negative impacts. For this, strong legal systems at national and international levels and their effective implementation are required so that the benefits of globalization remain inclusive and secure. Abstract in Hindi Language: प्रस्तुत शोध पत्र वैश्वीकरण की प्रक्रिया को गति प्रदान करने में सोशल मीडिया की परिवर्तनकारी भूमिका का विश्लेषणात्मक अध्ययन करता है। वर्तमान युग सूचना एवं संचार प्रौद्योगिकी का युग है जहाँ सोशल मीडिया मात्र संचार साधन न रहकर एक वैश्विक शक्ति बनकर उभरा है और विश्व गांव की अवधारणा के प्रणेता मार्शल मैक्लूहान की अवधारणा को सत्य सिद्ध कर दिया। इस अध्ययन का मुख्य उद्देश्य यह पता लगाना है कि कैसे सोशल मीडिया साइट्स फेसबुक, यूटयूब, इंस्टाग्राम, ट्विटर कैसे प्लेटफॅार्म ने भौगोलिक बधाओं को धुंधला कर आर्धिक, सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक, राजनीतिक मुक्त प्रवाह का सहज सुलभ माध्यम प्रदान किया है। शोध पद्धति के रूप में द्वितीयक सामग्री का उपयोग किया गया है जिसने वल्र्ड इकोनोमिक्स फोरम; (WEF) और यूनेस्को की रिपोर्ट शामिल है। साथ ही अद्यतन राष्ट्रीय अंतरराष्ट्रीय जर्नल्स का विश्लेषण भी इसमें समाहित है। सोशल मीडिया हमारी काम, उत्पादकता, मनोरंजन, संवाद सहित समस्त निजी जानकारियो को एल्गोरिथम में संजोए रखता है, सभी क्षेत्रों में हमारी जानकारी को बढ़ाता है लेकिन सोशल मीडिया की भूमिका हमारी जिंदगी में कैसी और कितनी होगी यह हमें ही तय करना होगा। सेल फोन और सोशल मीडिया से मिलने वाली मदद से इंकार नहीं किया जा सकता लेकिन उसके उपयोग में संतुलन बहुत जरूरी है। वास्तविक दुनियाँ के आभासी रिश्तों की चकाचैंध ने मानसिक, सामाजिक समस्याओं को जन्म दिया है। शोध के निष्कर्ष बताते हैं कि सोशल मीडिया ने जहां एक ओर वैश्विक व्यापार, सांस्कृतिक आदान-प्रदान और शिक्षा के लोकतांत्रीकरण को बढ़ावा दिया है वहीं दूसरी ओर इसने डिजिटल उपनिवेशवाद सांस्कृतिक समरूपीकरण और फेक न्यूज़ जैसी गंभीर चुनौतियां भी उत्पन्न की है। अध्ययन यह स्पष्ट करता है कि वैश्वीकरण का भविष्य पूरी तरह से डिजिटल साक्षरता और डेटा सुरक्षा के वैश्विक नियमों पर निर्भर है, अंतत हमें सोशल मीडिया के उपयोग को नियंत्रित और नियमित कर नकारात्मक प्रभावों को कम करने की आवश्यकता है। इसके लिए राष्ट्रीय एवं अंतर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर सुदृढ़ कानून व्यवस्था और उसके प्रभावशाली क्रियान्वयन की जरूरत है ताकि वैश्वीकरण के लाभ समावेशी और सुरक्षित बने रहे। Keywords: वैश्वीकरण (भूमंडलीकरण), सोशल मीडिया, वैश्विक गांव, सांस्कृतिक एकीकरण, डेटा सूचना प्रवाह।
The Pursuit of Moksha: Exploring the Concept of Ultimate Liberation in Indian Philosophy
Moksha, the supreme goal of human existence in Indian philosophy, represents the liberation of the soul from the cycle of birth and death (samsara). This paper delves into the concept of Moksha, examining its roots in ancient scriptures, including the Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita. We explore the various paths to achieving Moksha – Jnana (knowledge), Bhakti (devotion), Karma (action), and Raja Yoga (meditation) – and discuss its implications for individual and societal transformation. By analyzing key philosophical perspectives, this article illuminates Moksha's enduring significance as a pursuit of ultimate freedom, guiding seekers toward spiritual awakening and transcendence.
Political Participation and Muslim Women
According to the Islamic law it is agreed that education was never restricted for women. It is advocated that Islam has empowerment for women imbibed in its foundations. In the past education of Muslim women resulting compounded due to lack of proper facilities and misguided social norms. However, gradually this has been changing and more Muslim families are providing quality education to their daughters as well and a true compliance of Islamic norms are being followed where women feel special, wanted, esteemed, and empowered. But there exists a key challenge for Muslim women regarding their participation in politics. Which is very poor in percentage as compare to other community women even among those women who completed their higher education. Women participation in politics is one of the key areas for empowering women in the society. Studies shows that educational engagement and political participation are interrelated to each other because education will help to be conscious in the field of politics and it will reinforce them to participate in politics. Aims of the present study is to deliberate the role of education for Muslim women in the political participation after interference of their male counterparts or the male members of the family.
Nirvana in Buddhist philosophy: An analysis
Nirvana is a central concept in Buddhist philosophy, meaning freedom from suffering and ultimate peace. It is a state of ultimate peace and tranquility in which one sees oneself and the world as they truly are. The concept of nirvana is a fundamental tenet of Buddhist philosophy. According to Buddhism, life is the sum total of suffering and nirvana is the path to liberation from that suffering. The concept of nirvana is the third of the Four Noble Truths of Buddhist philosophy. This paper of mine will analyze the concept of Nirvana in Buddhist philosophy. The paper will discuss the path to Nirvana, the realization of Nirvana, and the attainment of Nirvana below.
Tracing Trans-corporeality in Indian River Poetics: A Comparative Study of A.K. Ramanujan’s ‘A River’ and Keki N. Daruwalla’s ‘The Ghaghra in Spate’
This paper examines the role of Indian rivers in Indian poetry from the burgeoning field of Blue Humanities, belonging to the crossroads between Environmental Humanities and Oceanic Studies, that engages with human-water relationships. The poems analysed in this paper are A.K. Ramanujan’s ‘A River’ and Keki N. Daruwalla’s ‘The Ghaghra in Spate’ that animates the fluidity and flow of water that seep into land and the lives of people, resisting the rigid boundaries that humans have drawn for it, thereby according to it, the nature of ‘trans- corporeality’, a term coined by Stacy Alaimo. Building on Steve Mentz’s claim of shifting focus from “largely saltwater” and oceanic discourses to “varied analyses of planetary water” including other water bodies like ponds, estuaries and rivers, this paper reflects on the blue humanities discourse on rivers in the Indian scenario by documenting ecological violence, challenging anthropocentric arrogance and preserving hydro-centric memory.
Social Media Addiction as a Predictor of Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms among Young Adults
The proliferation of the social media in the life of the young adult generation has been the source of increasing worries on the possible effect of the social media on the mental health of the population and specifically the social media addiction (SMA). In the current study, SMA is observed as an antecedent of anxiety and depressive symptoms in young adults aged 1825 years based on the quantitative, cross-sectional, correlational research design. A total of 200 participants who were recruited using the convenience and snowball sampling methods were used to collect the data using online platforms. They used standardized self-report assessments, such as the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS) to determine addictive use of social media and validated instruments, such as the DASS-21/PHQ-9 and GAD-7, to assess the symptoms of depression and anxiety. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and regression analysis were some of the statistical analyses that were done using SPSS. The results showed that there were positive correlations of a significant association between SMA and both depression (r = 0.38, p < 0.001) and anxiety (r = 0.41, p < 0.001), meaning that the higher the levels of social media addiction were, the more the psychological distress was. The regression findings also indicated that SMA is a strong predictor of anxiety and depressive symptoms even when the demographic factors like age and gender were taken into consideration. These results are in line with theoretical accounts that associate compulsive usage of social media with emotional regulation disruptions via fear of missing out, social comparison, disrupted sleep, and dopamine-driven reward schemes. The research provides the significance of early detection and specific interventions to mitigate problematic social media use and encourage healthier online interactions to safeguard the psychological well-being of young adults.