Salah as a Path to Well-Being for Muslim Students: A Review

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n9.020

Keywords:

Contemplative practice, Mental health, Muslim students, Prayer, Psychological well-being, Salah

Abstract

Contemplative practices have gained considerable attention for their potential in promoting overall well-being. Among Muslims, Prayer (Salah) serves as the main source of contemplative practice, and it has been shown to have multiple mental health benefits. Despite being deeply rooted in the daily life of Muslims, the impact of Prayer (Salah) on the well-being of Muslim students in higher education remains underexplored, highlighting a clear gap in the literature, particularly regarding longitudinal, cross-cultural, and experimental evidence of the distinct psychological effects of Prayer (Salah). This review aims to examine the role of Prayer (Salah) in enhancing the well-being of Muslim students by synthesizing insights from recent empirical research, using the literature review methodology. The findings indicate that Prayer (Salah), as a faith-based contemplative practice, plays a significant role in the well-being of Muslim students by enhancing emotional regulation, subjective well-being, optimism, mindfulness, stress management, and resilience. Moreover, Prayer (Salah) functions as both a spiritual practice and as an effective coping mechanism, supporting holistic mental health. This review underscores the practical implications for integrating Prayer (Salah) with evidence-based mental health interventions and recommends future research employing rigorous methodologies, mediation and moderation analyses, and standardized measures to deepen understanding of Prayer’s influence on student well-being.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Author Biographies

Samira Khatoon, Research Scholar, Department of Psychology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India

Samira Khatoon is currently a Research Scholar in the Department of Psychology at the University of Lucknow, Lucknow, pursuing a Ph.D. in Psychology. She earned her Bachelor of Arts from Isabella Thoburn College, Lucknow, and her Master of Arts in Psychology from the University of Lucknow, Lucknow. She has also qualified for UGC-NET in Psychology, demonstrating academic excellence and strong dedication to the field. Her academic interests lie primarily in the areas of Positive Psychology and Mental Health. She aims to contribute to the discipline through evidence-based research and scholarly publications, with a focus on promoting mental health awareness and fostering psychological understanding within academic and community settings.

Dr. Shamini Srivastava, Assistant Professor and Head of Department of Psychology, Feroze Gandhi College, Rae Bareli, (Affiliated to University of Lucknow), 229001, Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Shamini Srivastava is currently serving as Assistant Professor and Head, Department of Psychology, Feroze Gandhi College, Raebareli. She earned her Master’s degree in Psychology with a Gold Medal from Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur. She received her Ph.D. Degree in Psychology from Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, and has also qualified UGC-NET in Psychology. Dr. Srivastava has published numerous research papers and book chapters in reputed national and international journals and edited volumes. In addition, she has presented more than 20 research papers at various national and international conferences. She is also actively engaged as a reviewer for several esteemed research journals. Her primary research interests lie in Organizational Behaviour and Human Resource Management, Research Methodology, and Positive Psychology. At present, she is actively involved in the promotion of mental health services and career counselling.

References

Alabdulwahab, S. S., Kachanathu, S. J., & Oluseye, K. (2013). Physical activity associated with prayer regimes improves standing dynamic balance of healthy people. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 25(12), 1565–1568. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.25.1565

Albatnuni, M., & Koszycki, D. (2020). Prayer and well-being in Muslim Canadians: Exploring the mediating role of spirituality, mindfulness, optimism, and social support. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 23(10), 912–927. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2020.1844175

Badri, M. B. (2018). Contemplation: An Islamic psychospiritual study (New ed.). International Institute of Islamic Thought.

Bano, S., Akram, W., Habiba, U. E., & Arshad, H. (2025). The role of faith-based coping mechanisms in enhancing mental resilience: A study among Muslim students. Research Journal of Psychology, 3(1), 64-80 https://ctrjournal.com/index.php/19/article/view/46/54

Behdar, M., & Sheikh, R. (2023). Investigating the effect of Salat (Muslim prayer) on mental health in the results of clinical studies: A mini review. Sport Sciences and Health Research. 2023, 15(2): 267-274. https://doi.org/10.22059/SSHR.2024.369575.1113

Bukhari, N., Zulnoorain, Z., Gillani, S. A., Javaid, A., Qadeer, S., & Khurshid, A. (2025). The Power of Prayer: The Impact of Salah on Emotional Regulation in University Students. Research Journal for Social Affairs, 03 (02) 269-274 https://rjsaonline.com/journals/index.php/rjsa/article/view/140/143

Chamsi-Pasha, M., & Chamsi-Pasha, H. (2021). A review of the literature on the health benefits of Salat (Islamic prayer). Medical Journal of Malaysia, 76(1), 93–97. https://e-mjm.org/2021/v76n1/health-benefits-of-Salat.pdf

Domingues, R., Zimmer, E., Mah, H., & Freudenberg, C. (2020). Contemplative practices in higher education for sustainable development: An exploration of their role for moving society towards sustainability. [Master’s thesis, Blekinge Institute of Technology]. DiVA Portal. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-19884

Doufesh, H., Ibrahim, F., Ismail, N. A., & Wan Ahmad, W. A. (2014). Effect of Muslim prayer (salat) on α electroencephalography and its relationship with autonomic nervous system activity. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 20(7), 558–562. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2013.0203

Eros, A., & Plante, T. G. (2023). The effects of centering prayer on well-being in a sample of undergraduate students: A pilot study. Pastoral Psychology, 72, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-023-01103-w

Froese, P., Bonhag, R., Uecker, J., & Andersson, M. (2024). Prayer and mental well-being in the United States: An overview of original and comprehensive prayer data. Journal of Religion and Health. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-024-12345-6

Hamdan, A. (2010). A comprehensive contemplative approach from the Islamic tradition. In T. G. Plante (Ed.), Contemplative practices in action: Spirituality, meditation, and health (122–142). Praeger/ABC CLIO.

Hart, T. (2004). Opening the contemplative mind in the classroom. Journal of Transformative Education, 2(1), 28–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541344603259311

Haynes, D. J. (2005). Contemplative practice and the education of the whole person. ARTS: The Arts in Religious and Theological Studies, 16(2), 8–10.

Herdiansyah, D., Ramadhan, S., Farid, M., Asmuni, A., Masyitoh, Ernyasih, Al Maududi, A. A., & Dihartawan. (2021). Relationship of Prayer With Mental Health. Proceeding The First Muhammadiyah International Public Health and Medicine Conference.

Ijaz, S., Khalily, M. T., & Ahmad, I. (2017). Mindfulness in Salah prayer and its association with mental health. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(6), 2297–2307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0413-1

Ismail, Z., & Desmukh, S. (2012). Religiosity and psychological well-being. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(11), 20–28. http://www.ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol_3_No_11_June_2012/3.pdf

Jeppsen, B., Pössel, P., Winkeljohn Black, S., Bjerg, A., & Wooldridge, D. (2015). Closeness and control: Exploring the relationship between prayer and mental health. Counseling and Values, 60(2), 164–185. https://doi.org/10.1002/cvj.12012

Katyal, S., Lumma, A.-L., Goldin, P. R., & Roy, S. (2023). Editorial: The varieties of contemplative experiences and practices. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, Article 1232999. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1232999

Liss, M, Erchull, M. J., Hirschberg, D.A., Pitts, A. L.; and Ambuel, D. (2020). Effects of a Meditation and Contemplative Practice Course on College Students’ Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, and Mental Health. Journal of Contemplative Inquiry: Vol. 7: No. 1, Article 10. https://digscholarship.unco.edu/joci/vol7/iss1/10

Majid, Z. A. (2023). View of The Concept of Prayer for A Muslim to Maintain Mental Health (In the Perspective of Islamic Psychology). Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 10(1) 178-188 https://sifisheriessciences.com/index.php/journal/article/view/428/189

Megribi, M., Maghfirah, N. Z., & Zahra, N. A. (2024). View of The Effect of Muslim Prayer on Mental Health of Lambung Mangkurat University Students in English Study Program 2024. Islamologi : Jurnal Ilmiah Keagamaan, 1(2). https://jipkm.com/index.php/islamologi/article/view/119/101

Munsoor, M. S., & Sa’ari, C. Z. (2017). Contemplative framework and practices: An Islamic perspective. Jurnal Usuluddin, 45(1), 93–120. https://doi.org/10.22452/usuluddin.vol45no1.4

Newman, D. B., Nezlek, J. B., & Thrash, T. M. (2023). The dynamics of prayer in daily life and implications for well-being. Journal of personality and social psychology, 124(6), 1299–1313. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000454

O’Connor, L. E., Rangan, R. K., Berry, J. W., Stiver, D. J., Hanson, R., Ark, W., & Li, T. (2015). Empathy, compassionate altruism and psychological well-being in contemplative practitioners across five traditions. Psychology, 6(8), 989–1000. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2015.68096

O’Connor, P. J., Pronk, N. P., Tan, A., & Whitebird, R. R. (2005). Characteristics of adults who use prayer as an alternative therapy. American Journal of Health Promotion, 19(5), 369–372. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-19.5.369

Pazer, S. (2024). Spiritual practices and mental well-being: A quantitative study among university students. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 24(1), 1381–1388. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.24.1.3141

Quadri, S. J. (2012). A study of Muslims who practice regular Namaz and Tilawat-e-Quran and those who do not practice regular Namaz and Tilawat-e-Quran with respect to mental health and self-concept. Review of Research, 1(1). Retrieved from http://arastirmax.com/tr/publication/review-research/2/1/1-4-study-muslims-those-who-practice-regular-namaz-and-tilawat-e-quran-and-muslim-those-who-do-not-practice-regular-namaz-and-tilawat-e-quran

Rohde, J., Goldy, S., Graziosi, M., Ferguson, M., Thrul, J., & Yaden, D. (2024). Centering and flourishing: An online intervention study assessing the effects of a Christian contemplative practice on stress-reduction and human flourishing. BMC Psychology, 12, Article 11836. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01836-0

Saleem, T., Saleem, S., Mushtaq, R., & Gul, S. (2021). Belief salience, religious activities, frequency of prayer offering, religious offering preference, and mental health: A study of religiosity among Muslim students. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(2), 726–735. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01046-z

Saritoprak, S. N., & Abu-Raiya, H. (2022). Living the good life: An Islamic perspective on positive psychology. In E. B. Davis, E. L. Worthington Jr., & S. A. Schnitker (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology, religion, and spirituality (pp. 197–213). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10274-5_12

Sarkingobir, Y., Sharu, A. U., Sahabi, M., & Ashafa, N. A. (2022). Religious and health benefits of Salah/prayer: A review. International Journal of Emerging Issues in Islamic Studies, 2(2), 59–71. https://doi.org/10.31098/ijeiis.v2i2.1053

Siegel, D. J. (2010). Mindsight: The new science of personal transformation. Bantam.

Suseno, B. (2023). Muslim prayer (Salah), and its restorative effect: Psychophysiological explanation. Asian Journal of Islamic Psychology, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.23917/ajip.v1i1.3702

The Qur’an. (n.d.). Al-Mu’minūn [The Believers] 23:1–2. Retrieved from https://quran.com/al-muminun/1-9

Upenieks, L. (2022). Unpacking the relationship between prayer and anxiety: A consideration of prayer types and expectations in the United States. Journal of Religion and Health, 62, 1810–1831. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01708-0

Varghese, J., Luitel, B. C., & Dahal, N. (2025). Autoethnographic action research as a contemplative practice: Awareness and transformation of inner and outer selves. The Qualitative Report, 29(11), 2848–2863. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2024.6983 NSUWorksResearchGateKudos

Wachholtz, A. B., & Pargament, K. I. (2005). Is spirituality a critical ingredient of meditation? Comparing the effects of spiritual meditation, secular meditation, and relaxation on spiritual, psychological, cardiac, and pain outcomes. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28(4), 369–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-005-9008-5

Zainudin, Z. N., Mahayudin, A. A., Azahari, R., Yusop, Y. M., & Othman, W. N. W. (2019). Complacency of Solah and its Ramification on Mental Health. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(9). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v9-i9/6375

Zouch, G., Higgins, J., Goodall, S., & Browne, R. (2021). Cogenerating insights into the dialectics of contemplative practices in educational and lifeworld settings. Cultural Studies of Science Education. 16. 965-979. 10.1007/s11422-021-10038-8.

Downloads

Published

15-09-2025

How to Cite

Khatoon, S., & Srivastava, S. (2025). Salah as a Path to Well-Being for Muslim Students: A Review. RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary, 10(9), 168–178. https://doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2025.v10.n9.020